U.S. And
Canadian Immigration Policies - A comparison
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The immigration landscape of North
America is constantly changing. Canada and the United States, to a large
extent, followed parallel trajectories in the earlier parts of their
immigration histories. Both countries initially drew principally on migrants from
the British Isles and Europe, before expanding their catchment area to other
regions of the world. Over time, however, Canadian and U.S. immigration
policies have diverged in significant ways. Immigration issues are in the news
in both countries these days, perhaps more so than usual. Canada is in election
mode, with many new Canadians expected to vote for the first time. Meanwhile in
the United States, a combative Republican Presidential nominee contest, led by
the enigmatic Donald Trump, has placed immigration policy to the fore. But what
are we really talking about when we talk about immigration? How does Canada
differ from the U.S.? This article will present five fundamental ways in which
Canadian immigration policy is different from that of the U.S.
1. Canada favour’s economic immigration.
Around two thirds of new Canadian permanent residents
arrive through economic immigration programs. In contrast, only 16 percent of
new Green Card holders (lawful permanent residents, or LPRs) in the U.S. arrive
through economic immigration categories. Politicians and commentators in other
countries continually point to Canada’s points based economic immigration as a
shining example of a positive, open immigration strategy that creates
opportunities for newcomers and Canadians alike.
Sources: Department of Homeland
Security, Citizenship and Immigration Canada. U.S. figures are for 2013.
Canadian figures are projected for 2015.
2. There is no Diversity Lottery in Canada, but
Canada has the Express Entry pool
The Diversity Immigrant Visa program, also known as the
Green Card lottery, is a lottery program for receiving a U.S. Permanent
Resident Card. Canada has no such program. In 2014, the Green Card lottery
attracted more than 11 million applicants. From this pool of applicants less
than 0.5 percent were to receive visas, which are allocated at random in a
single annual draw. With odds of less than one in two hundred, applicants
generally enter the pool of applicants in the Green Card lottery more in hope
than expectation. Canada has its own sort of pool — the Express Entry pool,
which came into operation earlier in January, 2015 — where candidates who have
made an Expression of Interest in immigrating to Canada are ranked according to
a Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS).
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Candidates are selected from the pool on
a priority basis, rather than at random, at regular draws from the pool.
Selected candidates receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for permanent
residence in Canada, from which point they have 60 days to submit an
application, with processing times of six months or less. Within the first few
months of Express Entry’s launch a consistently increasing number of candidates
in the Express Entry pool have received ITAs, with many of these individuals
having quickly gone on to land in Canada as permanent residents. Furthermore,
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) recently stated that ‘Future rounds
from the Express Entry pool will become the main source of applications to meet
annual Canadian immigration levels targets.’
While not everyone is eligible to enter the Express Entry
pool, the same is true for the Green Card lottery. The major difference,
however, is that individuals presently ineligible to enter the Express Entry
pool can become eligible through their own endeavour by improving their
language ability, adding supplementary work experience, and/or completing a
higher level of education. Applicants to the Green Card lottery, on the other
hand, are at the whim of a program that only allows candidates from certain
countries to enter, and that’s before the randomness of the draw itself is
taken into account.
3. The Provincial Nominee Programs
In Canada, the federal government and the provinces and
territories share jurisdiction over the selection of immigrants. Provinces and
territories can create and tailor Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs) that allow
them to nominate individuals who are deemed likely to contribute positively to
the community, both socially and economically.
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The federal government then
attends to health and security matters before issuing the permanent resident
visa. The PNPs are a dynamic set of programs that fasttrack the entrance of
newcomers who arrive in their new homes knowing that the region in which they
are settling wants them there. Indeed, these newcomers are actively pursued by
the provincial governments. The 50 U.S. state governments do not benefit from
such a decentralized system, however, with immigration jurisdiction remaining
exclusively with the U.S. federal government.
4. International students in Canada can stay
after graduation
When Mitt Romney was running for President of the U.S. in
2012, he stated “If you get an advanced degree here, we want you to stay here –
so we will staple a Green Card to your diploma.” Alas, postgraduation work and
immigration options for international students in the U.S. remain scant to this
day, with many graduates effectively forced to leave the country soon after
graduation.
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These individuals take with them their ideas, creativity and know how
and use it elsewhere — very often in Canada. In turn, the U.S. loses out on a
potentially high earning tax base. In contrast, Canada offers its cohort of
international students something that is not available, or more difficult to
obtain, in other countries — a post graduation work permit for up to three
years. International students who go down this route also benefit from
permanent immigration options, including the Canadian Experience Class and the
Quebec Experience Class. All of this allows Canada to retain top talent.
5. A Green Card and Canadian permanent
residence are fundamentally different
A Green Card is the
popular name for a United States Permanent Resident Card. Instead of a Canada
Green Card, permanent residents of Canada have the right to a Canada Permanent
Resident Card as proof of their Canada immigration status. The distinction is
not a question of semantics; there is a significant difference in the
philosophies behind the issuance of a United States Green Card and a Canada
Permanent Resident Card.
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A Green Card grants the holder the permission to enter
and live in the United States. In contrast, Canadian permanent resident status
grants an individual the right to enter and live in Canada. Having permission
and having the right are two distinct claims. A right is something more — it is
a legal entitlement, inherent to the holder. Permanent residents of the United
States must be in possession of their U.S Green Cards at all times and must be
prepared to show them to U.S. authorities upon request. Canada permanent
residents have no such obligation. Not only do they not have to carry around
their Canada Permanent Resident Card, they are not even required to apply for
the card. Though useful to have, a Canada Permanent Resident Card is purely
voluntary.
Why Canada?
Over the past few years, many American lawmakers have tended
to view immigration through the lens of security issues or national
sovereignty, rather than as an opportunity to add dynamism and flexibility to
the labor market,” says Attorney David Cohen. “The popular image of energetic
immigrants arriving on American shores and ‘making it’ through hard work and
bright ideas is redundant if the system there won’t allow for it. “On the other
hand, Canada accepts more immigrants per capita than any other country in the
Americas. And these people succeed and prosper. They provide for their
families, open businesses and create opportunities for others. According to a
BMO study, nearly half of all millionaires in Canada are immigrants or second generation
residents, compared to just one third in America. While in the United States
people have been busy pursuing happiness, most of their counterparts in Canada
have been busy living it. With a wide range of immigration options, it is the
true land of opportunity in North America.”
REF: http://www.cicnews.com/2015/08/canadian-immigration-policies-comparison-085861.html
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